|
Scottish Gaelic and Irish are closely related. While most dialects are not immediately mutually comprehensible (although many individual words and phrases are), speakers of the two languages can rapidly develop mutual intelligibility. ==Phonetic and grammatical differences== Scottish Gaelic in Islay and Argyll is fairly similar to Irish. The extinct dialects of northeast Ulster, particularly Rathlin Island, were also close to Scottish Gaelic. In Scotland, dialects also existed in southern Kintyre and Galloway which were probably similar to Irish, ''sliabh'' (mountain) being fairly common as an element in Galloway and Irish placenames, but quite rare in the Highlands. The dialects of these Scottish and Irish regions are also, in turn, the most similar to Manx. While the dialects of northern Scotland and southern Ireland tend to differ the most from one another in terms of vocabulary, they do share some features which are absent in other dialect areas lying between them. For example, in both Munster Irish and the Gaelic of the north of Scotland, historically short vowels have been diphthongised or lengthened before long sonants. An example of this is the word ''clann'' meaning "children of the family". In Munster Irish and northern Scottish Gaelic it is pronounced whereas in Ulster and County Mayo it is and in Connemara ; the Manx form ''cloan'' has a mixed pronunciation, in the north and in the south. Similarly, ''im'' meaning "butter" is pronounced in Munster, Southern Connacht and northern Scotland (and Manx), but in Ulster and Southern Scottish. In the verb ''tá'' of Standard Irish, northern Scotland and Central-Southern Munster agree in leniting the initial ''t'', thus one hears ''thá'' in County Waterford and County Tipperary, and ''tha'' in northern Scotland. West Munster also lenits the ''t'', but only after the preverb ''a'' "that" (''an fear a thá ina sheasamh ag an ndoras'' "the man that's standing at the door", standard Irish ''an fear atá ina sheasamh ag an doras''). The closest to Scottish Gaelic in modern Irish is the dialect currently spoken in County Donegal, as illustrated by the sentence "How are you?". :Scottish Gaelic — ''Ciamar a tha sibh?'' (plural/formal) or ''Ciamar a tha thu?'' (singular/informal), Lewis dialect ''Dè mar a tha sibh?'' (plural/formal) ''Dè mar a tha thu?'' (singular/informal) (dè < cad è) :Ulster Irish — ''Cad é mar atá sibh?'' (plural) ''Cad é mar atá tú?'' (singular), spelt in 'dialect spelling' as ''Caidé mar a tá sibh/tú?'' :Connacht Irish — ''Cén chaoi a bhfuil sibh?'' (plural), ''Cén chaoi a bhfuil tú?'' (singular), in colloquial speech ''Ce chuil sib/tú'' :Munster Irish — ''Conas táthaoi'' (plural), ''Conas taoi?'' (singular), ''Conas tánn sibh/tú?'', ''Conas atá sibh/tú?'' ''Sibh'' is used in both Scottish Gaelic and Irish for the plural "you", while Scottish Gaelic (for the far south ) also uses ''sibh'' as a formal version of "you" (much like French uses ''vous''; see T-V distinction). Modern Irish does not use this formal/informal distinction when addressing people. The use of ''sibh'' as 'polite' you is a retention from the Classical Irish usage of the plural personal pronouns to refer to the singular in polite communication, thus ''sinn'' "we" for ''mé'' "I, me" and ''sibh'' "you (plural)" for ''tú'' "you/thou". ''Thu'' is used in Scottish Gaelic when speaking to a single friend or family member. In Lewis dialect however, ''Dè mar a tha thu?'' is commonly used rather than the polite ''Dè mar a tha sibh?''. The negative particle in Scottish Gaelic, Manx and Northern Ulster Irish is ''cha/chan'' (''chan eil'', ''cha bhfuil/chan fhuil'' = "is not"; ''chan'' is from the Old Irish emphatic negative nichon). In standard Irish the negative particle is ''ní'' (''níl'' = "is not", a contraction of ''ní fhuil''); ''ní'' is a retention of the normal Old Irish negative; these are illustrated by the sentence "I have no money": :Scottish Gaelic — ''Chan eil airgead agam.'' :Ulster Gaelic — ''Chan fhuil/Cha bhfuil airgead agam.'' :Manx – ''Cha nel argid aym.'' :Standard Irish — ''Níl airgead agam.'' Scottish Gaelic speakers may also sound as if they were using the Irish phrase, as ''Chan eil'' can frequently be shortened to '' 'n eil''. The Classical Irish digraph ''éu'' () is still used in Scottish Gaelic spelling but is now obsolete in Irish, except in southern dialect writing, as a means to distinguish the vowel ''é'' when followed by a broad consonant from the regular dialect development ''é'' to ''i'' in the same environment, thus ''éan'' () "bird" in comparison to ''d'éug'' () "died; passed on"). ''Éa'' is now used instead of ''eu'' in Standard Irish. ''Éan'' is written ''eun'' in literary Scottish Gaelic. Both ''éa'' and ''éu'' existed in Classical Irish, to a large extent showing nominal case differences (with ''éu'' varying with ''éo'' in the dative of "éa"-words), however in both Scotland and Ireland, spelling reforms and standardisation (which took place in Ireland under the auspices of the Irish government during the 20th century, and much earlier in Scotland) independently went for different versions. At times Scottish writers also adapt the spelling ''eu'' to how the combination is pronounced in Northern Gaelic, thus ''ia'', writing ''ian'' instead of ''eun''. Manx spelling, based mainly on English, shows that ''ia'' is also the underlying form in Manx, the word being spelled ''eean''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Comparison of Scottish Gaelic and Irish」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|